Iouri Kalinitchenko

A new approach to the control of spectral overlap interferences in inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described. In this technique, called the collision reaction interface (CRI), gas is injected directly into the sampled plasma as it passes through the tips of the ICP-MS interface cones. The introduced gas collides and reacts with potentially interfering ions, removing them from the plasma before any ions are extracted by the ion optics. The capabilities of the CRI technique are illustrated with reference to the determination of Se under "hot plasma" conditions, of 52Cr in the presence of 2-propanol under "hot plasma" conditions, and of a range of trace metals in certified urine samples, with no matrix matching.

Some common interferences in inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are caused by ions having the same mass-to-charge ratio (

) as the isotope ions of interest (1). The most common techniques for controlling these interferences involve either the use of "cool plasma" conditions (2) or of various pressurized multipole ion guides (3), in which the ion beam is exposed to a gas after it has been extracted from the plasma by the ion optics. As shown in Figure 1, the collision reaction interface (CRI) (4) works by injecting a gas into the plasma as it passes through the tip of one or both of the interface cones.  

Collisions between gas molecules and plasma ions change the kinetic energy of the ions and can induce reactions such as charge transfer, proton transfer, collisional excitation–dissociation, electron–ion reaction, and ion–molecule reaction. Ions that normally would cause spectral interferences are more susceptible to such processes than are the analyte ions. Consequently, interfering ions can be selectively removed from the plasma before any ions are extracted into the ion optics. The high plasma density in the interface apertures leads to a high collision frequency. Hydrogen and helium are used as CRI gases; they provide efficient interference attenuation, and there is no need to use expensive, toxic, and corrosive gases such as ammonia. Cleaning the CRI is as simple as the routine cleaning of the interface cones in a conventional ICP-MS instrument. 

Examples of the Removal of Interfering Ions with the Collision Reaction Interface

  is always present under "hot plasma" conditions. It interferes with the determination of selenium, because the three most abundant isotopes of Se have the same nominal mass as Ar

  is suppressed under "cool plasma" conditions (2), but these are not useful for Se determinations because of the high ionization energy of this element (941 kJ/mol, 9.75 eV). When H

 is injected into the sampled plasma through the CRI, Ar

 molecules. A chemical reaction then occurs, in which a proton is transferred from a H

, a neutral H atom and a neutral Ar atom. The product ion ArH

 molecule and a proton is transferred from the ion to the molecule, forming a neutral Ar atom and an H

 = 3 amu/unit electronic charge) does not interfere with any isotopes of interest in ICP-MS, and in any case is likely to be destroyed by reaction with plasma electrons to form H

, where the CRI gas flow is increasing stepwise. Because no Se was present in the test solution, the measured signal for 

  is due entirely to the interfering ion 

. Also shown in Figure 2 is the signal ratio of 

. The time scan was carried out with a test solution (Var-IS-1) containing 10 μg/L of internal standard elements (Bi, In, Li, Sc, Tb, and Y). During the time scan, the H

 gas was injected into the plasma through the CRI skimmer cone tip. The H

 flow rate was stepped from 0, 20, 50, 80, 100, to 120 mL/min with about 50 s between each step.  

The efficiency of interference reduction–removal using CRI is demonstrated clearly in Figure 2, in which the signal for the interfering species Ar

) is decreasing progressively with increasing H

 gas flow rate, while the signal to interferent level (indicated by the ratio 

) is improving continuously. As seen in Figure 2, at a H

 flow rate of around 120 mL/min, the interference from Ar

  has been removed completely, and the sensitivity for the analyte 

  is still maintained at a high level (over 50,000 c/s per 1 μg/L of indium). 

  interferes with the major isotope of chromium (

Cr, natural abundance 83.79%). When He is injected into the sampled plasma through the CRI, interaction between the electron clouds of the He atoms and those of polyatomic ions can make a large polyatomic interfering ion such as ArC

  rotationally and vibrationally excited. In subsequent collisions, an excited ArC

  ion can receive sufficient energy to bring about its dissociation, removing the 

  interference from the determination of 

Figure 3 shows interference reductions in three-dimensional graphs, where the signals for 

  were measured at various CRI gas flow rates. The test solution contained 10 μg/L Co in a matrix solution of 1% (v/v) concentrated HNO

, 1% (v/v) concentrated HCl and 1% (v/v) 2-propanol. Helium was used as the CRI gas. Because no Cr was present in the test solution, the 

  signal is due to interfering polyatomic ions such as 

. As shown in Figure 3a, this signal for interfering polyatomic ions decreased with increasing He flow at the tip of the skimmer cone. With He flows over 120 mL/min, the signal for interfering ions was reduced to a minimum. In contrast, the He flow at the tip of the sampler cone had little effect. The efficiency of interference reduction is demonstrated in Figure 3b, where the signal ratio of 

  (that is, the ratio of the signal from a real analyte to that from interfering ions) improved with increasing He flow rate at the skimmer. Again, the He flow at the sampler had no significant effect.  

The results in Figure 3 are typical of experimental results obtained so far, which all show that gas injected into the sampler cone is much less effective at reducing or removing interfering ions. This is not surprising, because the concentration of plasma ions in the sampler is about 1000 times less than in the skimmer. It is therefore possible to obtain a much larger ratio of CRI gas to plasma ions at the skimmer than at the sampler for the same gas flow. In Figure 3, the maximum gas flow into the sampler was 10 times that into the skimmer; use of greater gas flows was considered impractical.  

Table I lists typical detection limits (DL) measured in the CRI mode under "hot plasma" conditions, determined as the concentration corresponding to three times the standard deviation of 10 replicates of a blank solution (1% [v/v] concentrated HNO

). These measurements were made under routine analytical laboratory conditions, not "clean-room" conditions.  

Table I: Typical detection limits for selected isotopes 

Figure 4 shows the long-term signal stability in a high total dissolved solids matrix in the CRI mode over a period of 5 h, using a solution containing 0.1% (w/v) (1000 mg/L) NaCl, spiked with 1 μg/L of various analytes. The results were extremely stable over 5 h. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the measured signals for most analytes did not exceed 5% over the 5 h. Similar results also were obtained using He as the CRI gas.  

An Application of the CRI: Determination of Trace Metals in Urine 

The work was carried out on a Varian 820-MS ICP-MS system (Varian, Palo Alto, California), which includes the CRI. Table II shows conditions for the urine analysis.  

Table II: ICP-MS conditions for urine analysis 

As an example of the use of the CRI in a real analysis, we analyzed two certified urine samples for a range of trace metals, using calibration solutions prepared in dilute nitric acid, without matrix matching.  

Urine metal control materials, UMC L-1 and UMC L-2, were reconstituted according to the procedure supplied with the materials. For trace metals determination with the ICP-MS system, the reconstituted urine solution was further diluted by a factor of 10, by adding 1 mL of the urine into a precleaned tube containing 9 mL of 2% (v/v) concentrated HNO

Diluted (1:10) urine solution was used for direct ICP-MS analysis. Calibration solutions were prepared in 2% (v/v) concentrated HNO

High-purity nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (both AR Select Plus, Mallinckrodt Baker, Phillipsburg, New Jersey), 2-propanol (SupraSolv for gas chromatography, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and deionized water (18 MΩ cm, Millipore Milli-Q, Billerica, Massachusetts) were used in the preparation of sample and calibration solutions. All labware, new or used, was cleaned thoroughly by acid washing and rinsing, and the clean containers were left filled with 2% (v/v) concentrated HNO

 until use. Three multielement calibration solutions were prepared for the urine analysis, at concentration levels of 1 μg/L, 5 μg/L, and 10 μg/L, by diluting a 10-mg/L multielement stock solution (SPEX CertiPrep, Inc., Metuchen, New Jersey) with 2% (v/v) concentrated HNO

. An internal standard solution, containing 20 μg/L of 

Bi, was prepared by diluting a 100-mg/L internal standard stock solution (Var-IS-1, Inorganic Ventures, Inc., Lakewood, New Jersey) with 2% (v/v) concentrated HNO

. The diluted internal standard solution was added to the nebulizer through a "Y-piece" using the third channel of the ICP-MS system sampling pump. Two urine metals control materials (Lyphochek urine metals control, Level-1 (LOT 69101) and Level-2 (LOT 69102), Bio-Rad Laboratories, Irvine, California) were  then selected as the sample for the direct trace element determination in urine. 

The analyte concentrations measured in two certified urine metal-control materials using the ICP-MS system are listed in Table III. The measured values shown in Table III are the average of two repeat measurements.  

Table III: Metal element concentrations measured in Lyphochek urine metals control, Level 1 and Level 2 

These results show excellent agreement between measured and certified values. The measured concentrations for Ni in UMC L-1 and Se in UMC L-2 are slightly lower than the certified range. This difference is likely to be due to the different techniques used for the analysis, because the certified values for both Ni and Se were obtained using atomic absorption spectroscopy rather than ICP-MS. 

The collision reaction interface provides a simple, but very effective, approach to removing common interferences in ICP-MS analysis. This unique approach reduces spectral overlap interferences from common polyatomic ions on elements such as As, Se, Cr, V, and Fe, thus achieving lower detection limits for these elements under "hot plasma" conditions, even for samples (such as urine) that have complex matrices. The CRI does not pass the extracted ion beam through a pressurized multipole; instead, gases are injected directly into the plasma through the tips of the interface cones to remove interfering ions by collisions or chemical reactions. This simple and innovative approach reduces or removes interfering ions before any ions are extracted from the sampled plasma into the ion optics. The CRI approach also provides operational advantages including low maintenance; easy operation; and no use of toxic, corrosive, or expensive gases such as ammonia. 

 are with Varian, Inc., Palo Alto, California. 

(3)  S.D. Tanner, V.I. Baranov, and D.R. Bandura, 

(4)  I. Kalinitchenko, United States Patent 7,329,863 (2008).  

(5)  V.G. Anicich, An index of the literature for bimolecular gas phase cation-molecule reaction kinetics, JPL Publication 03-19, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 2003, pp. 506–510. 

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