Stephan Freiberg

Articles

The drying of a pressure-sensitive polymer adhesive was monitored by attenuated total internal reflection (ATR) IR spectroscopy. Correlational analysis revealed changes in the composition of the film surface with time.

Investigating the Drying Process Of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

	On a fundamental level, adhesion is the interaction between the surface of one material and that of another (1). The formulation of new adhesives, the optimization of current compounds, and the trouble-shooting of manufacturing processes are greatly assisted by a characterization of the surface structure of the materials. This is particularly critical for pressure-sensitive adhesives (2) where no solvent or heat is applied during the bonding process.

	A 10-reflection ATR accessory named the HATR (PIKE Technologies) was used to analyze adhesive reactions (Figure 1). A butyl-acrylate-based adhesive containing acrylic acid was placed on a 4-mm, 45° incidence Ge ATR crystal. Spectra were collected at 4 cm

 resolution with 200 co-additions, every hour for 12 h. The temperature was controlled to 21±0.5 °C, and the humidity set at 45±1%. Data acquisition and analyses were performed using custom lab-written software.


	Figure 1: PIKE Technologies HATR accessory.

	Post-acquisition, spectra were analyzed using a two-dimensional correlation routine (3). Figure 2 shows results of the synchronous correlation maps, where the intensity of the diagonal peaks indicate the degree to which bands changed during the drying process.


	Figure 2: Synchronous correlation spectra of butyl acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive. Red cross peaks are positive; blue peaks are negative.

	The bands corresponding to water (686, 1645 and 3300 cm

) are all decreasing in intensity, and this is related to a subsequent overall increase in the strength of the polymer modes (1160, 1250, 1450, 1730, 2870, and 2935 cm

). This is indicative of an increase in the polymer density within the penetration depth due to the loss of water. Cross peaks in Figure 2 indicate a synchronous change in intensity between bands; if the bands are both growing or shrinking during the drying process, the peaks are positive (red), if they evolve in opposite directions, they are negative (blue). For example, the negative cross peak at (850, 1650) indicates that the acrylic acid 850 cm

 monomer signal decays. This is evidence that the acrylic acid monomer is diffusing to the surface as the sample is drying, possibility concomitant with polymerization of some of the acrylic acid.

	The HATR accessory is a valuable tool for studying changes in adhesive composition during the drying process. When time-resolved spectra are combined with correlation analysis, multiple components may be readily identified and trends in structural evolution observed.

	(1) R. Blomquist, "Adhesives: Past, Present, and Future," 

Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Applications, 2nd ed

. (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, New York, 2004).

Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy: Applicantions in Vibrational and Optical Spectroscopy

 (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., San Francisco, California, 2004).


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Stephan Freiberg

Articles

Investigating the Drying Process Of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

Monitoring the Drying Process of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives