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Aaron Acevedo is an assistant editor for LCGC and Spectroscopy at MJH Life Sciences.

John McLean of Vanderbilt University was named the winner of the 2023 EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Mass Spectrometry at the Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS) in Princeton, New Jersey. As part of our ongoing conference coverage at EAS, Spectroscopy magazine met with McLean to discuss his research, which focuses on the conceptualization, design, and construction of ion mobility-mass spectrometers (IM–MS) and structural mass spectrometers, specifically targeting complex samples in systems, synthetic, and chemical biology.

He earned his PhD at George Washington University in 2001. It was at George Washington where he developed inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrumentation for ultratrace elemental analysis. He subsequently performed postdoctoral research at Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany, and then at Texas A&M University before beginning at Vanderbilt University in 2006.

In this video interview conducted at EAS, McLean answers the following questions:

What drew you and what keeps you drawn to studying mass spectrometry (MS)? (00:45–01:23)

What are some of the notable moments in your career? (01:24–01:59)

What does receiving the 2023 EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Mass Spectrometry mean to you? (02:00–02:26)

What are the next steps in your research? (02:27–03:05)

John McLean of Vanderbilt University discusses his career in mass spectrometry.

Reflecting on a Career in Mass Spectrometry: An EAS Interview with John McLean

To view our other conference coverage from EAS, click the link below: 

https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/latest-conference

Articles

At the Eastern Analytical Symposium in Princeton, New Jersey, John McLean shared his thoughts about his career in mass spectrometry.

A Career in Mass Spectrometry: An EAS Interview with John McLean

At the Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS) in Plainsboro, New Jersey, 

 sat down with Robert Kennedy to discuss his research and career in analytical chemistry, including how he works with current and former students of his while using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.

Kennedy, the 2023 winner of the EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in the Fields of Analytical Chemistry, is also the Hobart H. Willard Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Michigan. He earned a PhD at University of North Carolina in 1988 where his work focused on using open tubular LC to analyze single cells. After a post-doc in neuroscience he started his own research program at University of Florida in 1991 before moving to University of Michigan as the Hobart H. Willard Professor of Chemistry in 2002. His research has combined his interest in biology with chemical analysis, separations and microfluidics. A theme of his group has been development of new chemical analysis tools that can be used at the nanoscale for several applications including screening of drugs, engineering enzymes, monitoring neurotransmitters in the brain, and studying the secretion of insulin and other hormones. Key technical areas including ultra high pressure LC, droplet microfluidics, and mass spectrometry. His work has been recognized by several awards including the American Chemical Society Award in Chromatography, the Ralph Adams Award in Bioanalytical Chemistry, and two NIH MERIT awards. He has held several service posts including Department Chair and is presently Associate Editor of 

At the Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS), Spectroscopy sat down with Robert Kennedy to discuss his research and career in analytical chemistry.

An Interview with Robert Kennedy of the University of Michigan

In this video interview conducted at EAS, Kennedy answers the following questions:

Tell us about what you are doing here at EAS. (00:16–01:08)

What drew you to/what keeps you drawn to studying spectroscopy? (01:09–02:47)

What are some of the notable moments in your career? (02:48–05:56)

What does winning the EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in the Fields of Analytical Chemistry mean to you? (05:57–07:57)

What are the next steps in your research? (07:58–10:04)

At the Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS) in Plainsboro, New Jersey, Spectroscopy sat down with Robert Kennedy to discuss his research and career in analytical chemistry.

Retrospecting on Analytical Chemistry: An EAS Interview with Robert Kennedy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has emerged as a potent tool for elemental mapping, drawing attention for its capabilities in sample analysis. However, a recent study published in the 

Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy

 sheds light on the challenges encountered when probing heterogeneous samples with varied matrices using LIBS techniques (1).

Blue glowing plasma ball lightning abstract background | Image Credit: © sakkmesterke - stock.adobe.com

The study explored the intricacies of plasma behavior using advanced imaging and interferometric techniques. Employing a fusion of three-dimensional plasma imaging, spectroscopy, and Mach–Zehnder interferometry, the researchers probed the effects of varying collection optic angles at the boundary of different matrices (1).

The findings revealed that a relationship exists between collection optic angles and elemental distribution within the plasma plumes. The study underscored the non-uniform distribution of elements when the collection optics were manipulated in relation to the boundary line, revealing the inhomogeneous nature of plasma during elemental imaging (1).

Moreover, the investigation pinpointed the significance of precise alignment of collection optics, highlighting the potential errors that could arise from misalignments (1). For certain elements under different collection angles, especially copper (Cu) and tin (Sn), the team observed fluctuations in signal intensity. This observation emphasizes the importance of optical alignment for accurate measurements (1).

The analysis via Mach–Zehnder interferometry displayed no substantial alterations in the average electron density or the size and shape of plasma, despite observed changes in elemental distribution with varying collection angles (1). This revelation serves as a key insight into the morphology and behavior of plasma at matrix boundaries, urging researchers to consider these factors while mapping heterogeneous structures using LIBS (1).

This study not only unravels the complex behavior of plasma generated at matrix boundaries, but it also underscores critical factors to prevent misinterpretation of elemental maps (1). The researchers believe that their work helps build a foundation for refining LIBS techniques to conduct elemental imaging of heterogeneous structures (1).

This article was written with the help of artificial intelligence and has been edited to ensure accuracy and clarity. You can read more about our 

(1) Mohan, M.; Buday, J.; Prochazka, D.; Gejdos, P.; Porizka, P.; Kaiser, J. Laser-induced plasma on the boundary of two matrices. 

A recent study reveals insights for precise elemental mapping using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).

Unveiling the Challenges in Elemental Imaging: Understanding Plasma Behavior at Matrix Boundaries

 sat down with Curtis Marcott to discuss his beginnings in studying spectroscopy, his career in companies like The Proctor & Gamble Company and Light Light Solutions, and why he believes the field of study to be so important.

Marcott is the 2023 recipient of the NY/NJ Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy Gold Medal Award. He is a Senior Partner at Light Light Solutions LLC, a spectroscopic consulting firm. He received a B.S. in math and chemistry at Concordia College and his PhD from University of Minnesota. Following his PhD, he joined The Procter & Gamble Company where he worked for over 28 years in the Optical Spectroscopy Laboratory and was named Research Fellow in 1997. Marcott joined Light Light Solutions LLC in 2008, where he contributed to a number of innovative developments in vibrational spectroscopy: vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), near-IR measurements of interfacial phase boundaries, 2D correlation spectroscopy, publication of the first polarization modulation grazing angle FT-IR measurements of monolayers on metals and the first FT-IR spectroscopic imaging measurements using a focal plane array (FPA). At Light Light Solutions, he played key roles in the commercialization of sub-diffraction IR spectroscopy using photothermal infrared (PTIR), including AFM-PTIR, optical PTIR (O-PTIR), and the simultaneous measurement of O-PTIR and Raman spectra.

Marcott has authored and co-authored more than 150 publications, given more than 650 presentations at national and international meetings. He is a past president of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy and has served on numerous conference organizing committees and journal editorial advisory boards. For his work, Marcott received the 1993 Williams-Wright Award from the Coblentz Society for achievement in industrial vibrational spectroscopy and was named the 2001 Cincinnati Chemist of the Year. Marcott was previously Visiting Assistant Professor of Chemistry, University of Utah, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry, Miami University, and is currently Affiliated Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware.

At the Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS), Spectroscopy sat down with Curtis Marcott to discuss his research and career in spectroscopy.

An Interview with Curtis Marcott of Light Light Solutions

In this video interview conducted at EAS, Marcott answers the following questions:

Tell us about what you are doing here at EAS. (00:16–00:50)

What drew you to/what keeps you drawn to studying spectroscopy? (00:51–01:30)

What are some of the notable moments in your career? (01:31–03:27)

What does receiving the NY/NJ Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy Gold Medal Award mean to you? (03:28–03:56)

What are the next steps in your research? (03:57–04:47)

At the Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS) in Plainsboro, New Jersey, Spectroscopy sat down with Curtis Marcott to discuss his research and career in spectroscopy.

Advancing Spectroscopy: An EAS Interview with Curtis Marcott

Analyzing electron impact excitation cross-sections for transitions in copper, more information could be uncovered about the diagnostics of laser-induced plasmas, according to a recent study published in the 

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

Warehouse of copper plates. Rolled metal products. 3d illustration. | Image Credit: © simone_n - stock.adobe.com

Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology, led by Rajesh Srivastava, examined the intricate details of laser-produced copper plasma by focusing on the calculations of electron impact excitation cross-sections, specifically targeting transitions from the ground state of copper (Cu) 3

 to various fine-structure energy levels (1). Employing the fully relativistic distorted wave theory, the researchers also considered transitions from metastable states, utilizing atomic wave functions obtained through the multi-configuration Dirac–Fock approximation theory to ensure accuracy (1).

The calculated electron impact fine-structure level excitation cross-sections serve as the foundation for developing a fine structure-resolved collisional-radiative (CR) model (1). This model was employed for the diagnostics of laser-produced Cu plasma at atmospheric pressure. The CR model is coupled with spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements conducted in both the presence and absence of a static magnetic field (1).

There were three observed strong atomic emission lines of Cu (at 510.5, 515.3, and 521.8 nm) that the team used for diagnostics. These intensities, measured at different axial lengths from the Cu target, were corrected using the internal reference self-absorption method to account for radiation trapping effects (1). The normalized intensities derived from the CR model were then compared with their corresponding OES-measured values, enabling the extraction of crucial plasma parameters, including electron temperature and electron density (1).

The detailed CR model considers various processes such as electron-impact excitation and de-excitation, radiative absorption and decay, ionization, and two- and three-body recombination (1). This approach not only contributes to our understanding of laser-induced copper plasmas, but also presents opportunities for enhanced diagnostic capabilities in related fields.

This comprehensive study marks a significant stride in the realm of plasma diagnostics, paving the way for future advancements in laser-produced plasma research.

(1) Agrawal, A.; Baghel, S. S.; Sharma, L.; Srivastava, R. Electron impact fine-structure cross-section calculations of Cu and their applications in the diagnostics of laser-produced Cu-plasma through the collisional radiative model. 

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: At. Spectrosc.

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology unveil a sophisticated collisional-radiative model offering insights into laser-produced copper plasma through precise electron impact excitation cross-section calculations.

Unraveling the Secrets of Laser-Produced Copper Plasma: A Comprehensive Study Using Electron Impact Excitation Cross-Sections

Curtis Marcott, a senior partner at Light Light Solutions, a spectroscopic consulting firm based in Athens, Georgia, has been named the winner of the NY/NJ Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy Gold Medal Award. This award was established in 1952 to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of applied spectroscopy. The Gold Medal was presented at a special award symposium, arranged in honor of the awardee, at the 2023 Eastern Analytical Symposium on Tuesday, November 14, at 1:30 pm.

Marcott received a bachelor’s degree in math and chemistry at Concordia College and his PhD from University of Minnesota. Following his PhD, he joined Procter & Gamble where he worked for more than 28 years in the optical spectroscopy laboratory and was named research fellow in 1997.

He joined Light Light Solutions LLC in 2008, contributing to several innovative developments in vibrational spectroscopy: vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), near-IR measurements of interfacial phase boundaries, 2D correlation spectroscopy, publication of the first polarization modulation grazing angle Fourier transformation-infrared (FT-IR) measurements of monolayers on metals, and the first FT-IR spectroscopic imaging measurements using a focal plane array (FPA). He also played key roles in the commercialization of sub-diffraction IR spectroscopy using photothermal infrared (PTIR), including AFM-PTIR, optical PTIR (O-PTIR), and the simultaneous measurement of O-PTIR and Raman spectra.

Marcott has authored and co-authored more than 150 publications, given more than 650 presentations at national and international meetings. He is a past president of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy and has served on numerous conference-organizing committees and journal editorial advisory boards. He received the 1993 Williams-Wright Award from the Coblentz Society for achievement in industrial vibrational spectroscopy and was named the 2001 Cincinnati Chemist of the Year.

Marcott was previously visiting assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Utah, adjunct professor of chemistry at Miami University, and is currently affiliated professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Delaware.

The program for the award ceremony is as follows:

“Industrial Spectroscopy Research Leading to the Development of Novel Bioplastics,” presented by Isao Noda of the University of Delaware, beginning at 1:30 pm.

“Super-Resolution Photothermal Infrared Spectroscopy for Science and Industry,” presented by Craig Prater of Photothermal Spectroscopy Corporation, beginning at 2 pm.

After a 2:30pm break, “Multimodal Infrared Nanospectroscopy in the Bio- and Materials Sciences,” presented by Simone Ruggeri of Wageningen University, beginning at 3 pm.

The symposium concludes with “Chemically Characterizing the Microstructure of Novel Bioplastics Using Photothermal Infrared Spectroscopy,” presented by James Grinias and his team at Rowan University (Glassboro, NJ), beginning at 3:30 pm.

Curtis Marcott, a senior partner at Light Light Solutions, a spectroscopic consulting firm based in Athens, Georgia, has been named the winner of the NY/NJ Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy Gold Medal Award.

Curtis Marcott Receives 2023 EAS Gold Medal Award

Patrick Lavery is an Editor for the MJH Life Sciences brands LCGC and Spectroscopy, and their respective websites, 

. He previously spent nearly a decade as a news anchor, reporter, and producer at New Jersey 101.5 FM.

The second day of the Technical Program of the Eastern Analytical Symposium & Exposition (EAS) 2023 got underway on Tuesday, November 14 in Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA with the presentation of the EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Mass Spectrometry to John McLean, a professor of chemistry at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, USA (1).

Holistic medicine approach. Healthy food eating, dietary supplements, healing herbs and flowers. Turmeric, dried lavender, spirulina powder in wooden bowls, fresh berries, omega acid capsules | Image Credit: © jchizhe - stock.adobe.com

Session chair Erin Baker of the University of North Carolina introduced McLean, saying she has known him for more than 20 years and officially presented him with the award sponsored by the American Microchemical Society, prior to McLean’s lecture titled “Advanced Molecular Phenomics in Systems, Synthetic, and Chemical Biology.”

Prior to a mid-session break, McLean was able to discuss his topics of talk in depth, because collaborator Facundo Fernández, of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, was unavailable to deliver his scheduled lecture on the potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to modulate immune cells in regenerative medicine applications.

In the talk, McLean explained how tiers of different analytical techniques have evolved over the years into complex and precise combined processes such as liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry (LC–IM-MS/MS).

LC–IM-MS/MS combines the separation capabilities of liquid chromatography with the ion mobility separation and precise mass analysis of tandem mass spectrometry. This hybrid method enhances the separation and identification of complex mixtures, providing detailed structural information and improving the overall sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis.

“It’s not because we want to generate the longest acronym ever created, but rather we want to take the best components of information from each of these dimensions and marry them,” McLean said.

McLean talked about his current research concentrations at Vanderbilt which include, among other things, drug composition and foodomics—the latter of which, more precisely, applies genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to study the composition, quality, safety, and nutritional aspects of food.

Summarizing his work, McLean expressed pride for his assistants in the classroom and the lab both present and past.

“Nothing makes me more excited than when I have students that go on and do awesome things,” he said.

(1) McLean, J. Advanced Molecular Phenomics in Systems, Synthetic, and Chemical Biology. Presented at the Eastern Analytical Symposium & Exposition 2023, Plainsboro, New Jersey, November 14, 2023.

Award recipient John McLean of Vanderbilt University said hybrid techniques do not exist purely as combinations of letters, slashes, and hyphens—they have been built on the shoulders of decades’ worth of analysis intended to refine and simplify workflow.

More Than Just Acronyms at EAS 2023

John A. McLean, Stevenson Professor of Chemistry and Chair of the Department of Chemistry, Associate Provost for Graduate Education, and Director of the Center for Innovative Technologies at Vanderbilt University, has been named the winner of the 2023 EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Mass Spectrometry.

This award is presented in recognition of significant individual contributions in the advancement of mass spectrometry by superior work in developing theory, techniques, or instrumentation. McLean was with this award at a special symposium, arranged in honor of the awardee, at the 2023 Eastern Analytical Symposium on Tuesday, November 14, at 9 am.

an elected fellow of the National Academy of Inventors and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, earned his PhD at George Washington University in 2001 in the development of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrumentation for ultratrace elemental analysis. He subsequently performed postdoctoral research at Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany, and then at Texas A&M University before beginning at Vanderbilt University in 2006.

McLean and colleagues focus on the conceptualization, design, and construction of ion mobility-mass spectrometers and structural mass spectrometers, specifically targeting complex samples in systems, synthetic, and chemical biology. His group applies these strategies to forefront translational research areas in drug discovery, personalized medicine, and human-on-chip synthetic biology platforms. McLean has received a number of awards, including his laboratory serving as an Agilent Thought Leader Laboratory, a Waters Center of Innovation, the Chancellor’s Award for Research, the Thomas Jefferson Award, Excellence in Teaching Award from the student members of the American Chemical Society, a Defense Threat Reduction Agency Research Award, an American Society for Mass Spectrometry Research Award, and the Bunsen–Kirchhoff Prize from the GDCh (German Chemical Society), among others. He has served in many service roles to the profession including serving terms on the boards of professional societies, scientific companies, and major journals. He has published over 200 manuscripts and received over 30 patents in these and allied areas.

The program for the symposium is as follows:

“Advanced Molecular Phenomics in Systems, Synthetic, and Chemical Biology,” presented by McLean, at 9:05 am.

“Identifying and Quantifying Cellular and Media Metabolites Predictive of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Potency by Metabolomics Coupled to Machine Learning,” presented by Facundo Fernández of the Georgia Institute of Technology, at 9:30 am.

After a break at 10 am, “Next Generation Imaging Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Microscopy for the New Age of Biology and Medicine,” presented by Richard Caprioli of Vanderbilt University at 10:30 am.

The symposium concludes with “Advancing Lipidomic Measurements and Informatics Tools to Enable Better Health Assessments,” presented by Erin Baker of the University of North Carolina at 11 am.

John A. McLean, Stevenson Professor of Chemistry and Chair of the Department of Chemistry, Associate Provost for Graduate Education, and Director of the Center for Innovative Technologies at Vanderbilt University, has been named the winner of the 2023 EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Mass Spectrometry. 

John McLean Receives 2023 EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Mass Spectrometry

Sticking to your laboratory budget is an important part of any successful academic department or company. Getting your finances in order ensures you can be prepared for the unexpected, said Tarshae Drummond, a lab manager and research technician at Fayetteville State University.

“I need to see where your money is going, what you’re doing, and what’s coming in,” she said at the Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS) on November 13. Right now, universities and companies are experiencing budget cuts and personnel shortages, all while combating soaring inflation rates–making it more difficult to manage their money.

Drummond recommended first setting a goal for team and figuring out exactly what you’ll need to spend money on over the next year. Common expenses, she said, include maintenance on equipment, staff salaries, new equipment purchases, and hiring. If you want to figure out how much you might need to spend, looking at the previous year’s budget is a good place to start.

“The most reliable way to forecast the future is to try and understand the present,” she said.

It’s a good idea to separate your budget into two categories: a wish list full of nice-to-haves and a list of must-haves. Once you’ve covered the budget for everything you need, you can see where there’s room to make cuts or changes so you can make those bigger purchases.

“Prioritize needs versus wants,” she said.

Drummond provided a few strategies–including buying in bulk, automating, and hiring temporary workers–that laboratory managers can use to save money when organizing their budget.

Although it may seem expensive upfront, automating your processes and buying materials in bulk can save you money in the long run. Drummond recommended buying materials that you use a lot, like gloves, in bulk. Additionally, purchasing equipment that automates testing can help you work faster, which will generate more income.

“Although automation may be a lot of money at the beginning it can save over time,” she said.

Equipment maintenance can also eat up a large chunk of your laboratory budget. Drummond recommended speaking directly with several vendors to get the best prices on equipment and seeking out companies that provide warrantees or have upkeep included in the cost. As much as you can, plan in advance for any expected equipment maintenance.

“We do invest in warrantees and maintenance agreements where they come in and they check the equipment,” Drummond said. You can also invest in refurbished equipment, which may work just as well as a new machine, but for a smaller price tag.

If you’re facing a staff shortage, Drummond said, consider hiring temporary workers who can help meet your needs in the interim. Working with other departments or teams on projects can also help save money.

If you have employees on staff that you’re looking to retain in the long-term, play to their strengths. Retention is important, she said. It can cost significant money and time replacing workers on your teams.

“You don’t want to lose valuable employees,” she said. “That affects your productivity in the department.”

Getting your finances in order ensures you can be prepared for the unexpected, said Tarshae Drummond, a lab manager and research technician at Fayetteville State University.

Lab Management 101: A Guide for Budgeting and Saving Money

Researcher Luis G. Vieira from Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal, has introduced an innovative method to address the contact issues in quantitative attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy when dealing with flat samples. His novel approach, outlined in the recent issue of 

, offers a robust solution to situations where achieving perfect contact conditions is uncertain or unattainable.

The study focuses on the critical problem of poor contact between the sample and the internal reflection element (IRE), a challenge that can significantly impact the accuracy of optical function determination in ATR spectroscopy. Traditionally, discrepancies arising from imperfect contact conditions could lead to substantial errors in the interpretation of results.

Vieira proposes a method that treats the spacing between the IRE and the sample as an adjustable parameter during the simultaneous fitting of s- and p-polarized spectra. This novel approach introduces flexibility into the analysis, allowing the adjustment of the gap distance alongside dispersion model parameters. The goal is to accurately determine optical functions even when faced with uncertainties related to the contact between the sample and the IRE.

The effectiveness of the method was validated through experimental tests on a solid polystyrene slab, a common material in ATR spectroscopy. By conducting experiments on both synthetic and polystyrene spectra, Vieira showcased the method's capability to overcome contact issues and precisely determine optical functions.

The results of the study emphasize the importance of considering the gap distance between the IRE and the sample in ATR measurements. Neglecting this factor can lead to substantial errors in determining optical functions, especially in situations where the contact conditions are not ideal.

The proposed method provides a much-needed solution for spectroscopists dealing with flat samples made of homogeneous and isotropic materials. It ensures accurate results, irrespective of uncertainties in achieving perfect contact during experiments. The ability to treat the gap distance as an adjustable parameter enhances the reliability and robustness of ATR spectroscopy, offering researchers a newfound confidence in their analyses.

This research not only advances the methodology of ATR spectroscopy but also opens up possibilities for more accurate and reliable analyses of various materials. As the analytical community strives for precision and reproducibility in experimental techniques, this innovative approach takes a step forward in overcoming longstanding challenges associated with contact issues in ATR spectroscopy.

This article was written with the help of artificial intelligence and has been edited to ensure accuracy and clarity. You can read more about our

(1) Vieira, L. G. Overcoming the Contact Problem in Quantitative Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy Analysis of Flat Samples. 

Luis G. Vieira from Universidade do Minho presents a new method in Applied Spectroscopy to address poor contact issues between the sample and the internal reflection element in attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy, ensuring accurate optical function determination and opening new avenues for precise material analysis

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