University of Texas at Austin

Photocuring, or the solidification of a liquid mixture (for example, resin) upon exposure to light, is a widely adopted method for dental coatings and sealants, medical adhesives, photoresists, and 3D printing. The ability to track this process in realtime enables resin optimization tailored for a particular application. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) is a facile way to monitor the solidification process through changes in chemical functionality and determine reaction kinetics and efficiency at the ATR crystal interface.


Conventional photochemical ATR setups irradiate samples from top-down while IR measurements presented are being taken from the bottom-up. This disparity results in a difference in light intensity throughout the depth of the sample due to absorption and sample thickness nonuniformity; limits the accuracy of analysis; and mitigates characterization of opaque resins. In this application, we overcome these challenges by illumination from beneath the sample through a diamond ATR prism, aligning the absorption cross section of the sample with the evanescent wave of the IR beam for characterization.


PIKE Technologies’ GladiATR diamond ATR (Figure 1) was modified to incorporate a liquid light guide and enable illumination from beneath the diamond. The use of a liquid light guide imparts modularity, as numerous light sources with variable wavelengths and intensities can be directly coupled for photocuring purposes.

GladiATR ATR with internal UV-visible light guide for through-diamond illumination.

To demonstrate the capabilities of the light-guide coupled GladiATR, photopolymerization of an acrylate-based resin using violet light (λ

 = 405 nm) was performed. The resin comprised carbitol acrylate and diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO, 1 wt%). Approximately 20 μL of resin were placed on the ATR crystal and real-time tracking was initiated. After 19 s, the sample was irradiated with 405 nm light at an intensity of 36 mW/cm

. The FT-IR instrument scan rate was 80 kHz while using an MCT detector, and 4 scans were co-added.


The polymerization was monitored by observing the disappearance of the C=C-H wag band at 810 cm

 (Figure 2). Within 20 s of irradiation, the conversion was approximately 98%. A clear initiation was observed at time of irradiation, indicating no lag time between the light and measurement.

Acrylate photopolymerization using 405 nm light. Waterfall plot showing the band change over time. Irradiation began at 19 s.

Monitoring UV curing via ATR-FT-IR by illuminating the sample from underneath offers a quantifiable sampling method to determine reaction kinetics. The modular capabilities of the ATR accessory allow for curing using any UV-visible wavelength.


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Articles

The utility of the GladiATR diamond ATR, modified with an internal liquid light guide to illuminate the sample from underneath the ATR element, was explored to analyze the photo-polymerization of carbitol acrylate at 405 nm using 1 wt% TPO. 

University of Texas at Austin

Articles

Tracking Photocuring via ATR-FT-IR with Illumination through the ATR Element