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Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy with the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique was used to classify 14 samples (11 species) from three moss families (Mielichhoferiaceae, Bryaceae, and Mniaceae). The FT-IR spectra ranging from 4000 cm

 of the 14 samples were obtained. To group the spectra according to their spectral similarity in a dendrogram, cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. Cluster analysis combined with PCA was used to give a rough result of classification among the moss samples. However, some species belonging to the same genus exhibited very similar chemical components and similar FT-IR spectra. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was used to enhance the differences among species with similar chemical components and FT-IR spectra. Three scales were selected as the feature-extracting space in the DWT domain. Results showed that FT-IR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was suitable for a systematic research classification of bryophytes.

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy with the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique was used to classify 14 samples (11 species) from three moss families (

). The FT-IR spectra ranging from 4000 cm

Bryophytes (the traditional name for any seedless plant) are found everywhere in the world except for in the sea, with many species having broad geographical locations that span several continents. With over 12,000 species recognized worldwide, the bryophytic subset of mosses are one of the world richest nonvascular land plants (1). Mosses are usually concentrated in groups and occur in loose tufts. While a minority of bryophytes are annuals, the large majority of them are perennials. The lack of true veins have restricted the size of mosses to only a few inches in height. The persistent photosynthetic phase of the moss life cycle is the gametophyte generation. Spores are released from a sporophyte capsule at certain times. Moss stems are prostrate or suberect and moss leaves commonly exhibit a spiral phyllotaxy or distichous and tristichous arrangements, while moss rhizoids are often branched (2).

As in most groups of plants, moss species are typically defined morphologically. Mosses show extensive morphological and anatomical diversification in both gametophyte and sporophyte organizations (2). The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships among the families of 

 have given rise to much controversy in recent years (3). Studies using nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial sequences showed that many genera of 

 are polyphyletic. For instance, some species of the genus 

 (4–7). In addition, some mosses among the three families are known for their medicinal properties, for instance, 

 extractives, such as ursolic acid, flavonoids, and alkaloids, have been used in cardiac study, and the extracts are more frequently used in medical research (8).

Using traditional phytotaxonomic methods, many species of 

 have been distinguished by minor differences in the gametophyte, peristome, and asexual structures, which are quite difficult to be differentiated. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is an alternative method for species differentiation. FT-IR has already been used to identify medicinal plants, bacteria, fungi, and other microorganism (9–14). Although FT-IR spectroscopy has made a significant contribution to plant classification, reports on moss taxonomy using FT-IR are still rare. In this study, our aim is to differentiate the circumscription of the 

 families, so as to provide basis for the development of a classification system for bryophytes.

FT-IR is an original spectroscopic technique used to differentiate between species (15,16). The FT-IR spectrum of a compound can express a unique “fingerprint,” which enables FT-IR spectroscopy to be used in the classification of different samples or identification of unknown samples (17). However, in many practical problems, judgments cannot be quickly and accurately made by purely relying on FT-IR spectroscopy analysis (18). Chemometric methods combined with FT-IR spectroscopy can compensate for the errors inherent in a single FT-IR spectral analysis (19).

To classify the spectra, different multivariate methods, such as cluster analysis (CLA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied (20). CLA and PCA are two multivariate analysis techniques useful for FT-IR spectrum analysis (21). CLA and PCA can be used to identify natural clustering patterns and groups of samples based on spectral similarities among the samples. CLA and PCA are widely recognized as powerful tools in obtaining information about spectral relationships within a data set (22). To classify and compare the spectra of species from different genera, FT-IR spectra combined with multivariate methods are necessary.

Wavelet transform (WT) is another useful tool that can be used for a variety of signal processing applications. WT was developed to enhance the discrimination of variable signals having different frequency features (23). WT allows greater information to be extracted from spectral signals, and the resulting WT coefficients can be considered to be the key characteristics of a spectrum signal. Therefore, a few features can be used to represent the major spectral information following a wavelet function transformation. WT can be considered as one of the most useful and efficient chemometric methods (24).

Discrete WT (DWT) is used to decompose a signal by using filters to extract interesting frequency resolution components within the signal. DWT possesses compact support in both time and frequency domains (25). It is a signal-processing tool that is used in many engineering, scientific, and mathematical applications. DWT is used to analyze the signal at different frequency bands with different resolutions by decomposing the signal into a coarse approximation and also detailed information (26).

DWT originated from the discretization of continuous WT (CWT), and the common discretization is dyadic. CWT is provided by:

) is the mother wavelet or the basis function. All of the wavelet functions used in the transformation are derived from the mother wavelet through translation and scaling.

In CWT, the signals are analyzed using a set of basic functions, which are related to each other by simple scaling and translation. In the case of DWT, a time-scale representation of the digital signal is obtained using digital filtering techniques. The DWT is derived from the discretization of CWT (

, s) and the most common discretization is dyadic.

. The DWT is computed by successive low-pass and high-pass filtering of the discrete time-domain signal. This computation is called the 

. Its significance is in the manner it connects the continuous-time multiresolution to discrete-time filters. With this approach, the time resolution becomes arbitrarily good at high frequencies, whereas the frequency resolution becomes arbitrarily good at low frequencies.

In this study, the classification of 14 samples of mosses (11 species) was studied. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential use of FT-IR spectroscopy combined with CLA and PCA to differentiate between the 14 samples of mosses (11 species). DWT was used to investigate the chemical fingerprint variability among the species.

14 samples of mosses (11 species) were collected from three different sites. Four samples were collected from Sichuan Province and ten samples were collected from Hebei Province, China, in August 2016. The geographic coordinates and altitudes of the sites of the samples are shown in Table I. The environmental conditions and population sizes of the sample plants were similar. The voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Hebei Normal University.

To avoid problems caused by the influence of water on FT-IR spectra, a vacuum freeze drying machine (FD-1) was used for freeze drying. The condensation temperature was -52 

C and the vacuum was 5 Pa. All samples were dried and ground into a fine powder using an agate mortar and sieved through a 200 mesh screen (75 μm).

 resolution, 32 scans) were obtained with a ZnSe attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory (PIKE Technologies MIRacle) combined with an FT-IR spectrometer Bruker Optics Vertex70 equipped with a DigiTect detector that can prevent external signal disturbance and provide the highest signal-to-noise ratio. After grinding, 6 mg of each powdered sample was directly placed about 2.54 mm

 on the center of the ZnSe crystal plate. All samples were pressed using the same mechanical pressure, and the FT-IR spectra was obtained. The FT-IR spectra of the 14 samples (11 species) of mosses were automatically baseline corrected. Each of the species sample was measured three times and the averaged spectrum was obtained for further analysis. Baseline and mean-centering correction were used to remove sources of variability.

Precision, Repeatability, and Stability Test

) was used to validate the method. The precision test was conducted using replicate records (5×) of the same sample. The repeatability test was analyzed by gathering the data of five independently prepared samples of the same species. The stability test was determined by five records of one sample solution during 24 h. The mean value relative standard deviation (RSD) of the absorbance and wavenumber for common peaks for each test was calculated.

The FT-IR spectra of the samples were recorded and found to be within the range of 4000 to 650 cm

. Spectral data were calculated with the use of OPUS version 6.5 software (Bruker). CLA and PCA were performed using R ver. 3.6.1 (<

>). Cluster analysis is an undirected and unbiased statistical method that is used to analyze spectroscopic information (27). Cluster analysis is also used to sort the FT-IR spectra into similar sets or groups. Satisfactory results using FT-IR spectra of complex biological molecules have been obtained using Ward’s algorithm, Euclidean distances, or correlation coefficient calculation as distance metrics (28,29). In the present study, 14 samples (11 species) of mosses are selected for clustering. We chose 12 absorption peaks in the range of 4000 to 650 cm

 for cluster analysis. The Euclidean distance, within-groups linkage and Pearson correlation were used to construct the circle dendrogram.

PCA is a multivariate statistical data reduction method that transforms an original set of variables into a new set of uncorrelated variables called principal components (PCs) (30). PCA also provides information on the major spectral components, wherein dominant factors determine differences among samples (31,32). PCA is used to extract the important features of a correlation matrix in terms of PCs. Only a few PCs are usually required to explain the majority of observed variance. PCA can be used as a chemometric method for FT-IR analysis. The analysis can be presented as either two-dimensional (2D, two PCs) or three-dimensional (3D, three PCs) scatter plots (33). In this study, the selected absorption peaks were used for PCA, and the factor loading was plotted.

DWT can solve numerous difficult problems that the Fourier transform cannot. Hence, DWT is also known as the “math microscope.” DWT was performed using MATLAB 7.1 software. Daubechies wavelet has better exploration ability for signal singularity, which served as the preferred analysis wavelet (34). One-dimensional stationary DWT was performed on different samples.

The precision test was conducted by obtaining replicate measurements of the same sample (S8) for five times within an hour. The RSD of the FT-IR absorbance value of the common peaks were ≤1.45%. The RSD of the wavenumber of the common peaks were ≤0.06%. The results are shown in Table II.

The repeatability of the method was assessed by analyzing five independently prepared samples (S8) of the same species (Rhodobryum roseum) using the same method. The RSD of the FT-IR absorbance value of the common peaks were <4.15%. The RSD of the wavenumber of the common peaks were ≤0.58%. The results are shown in Table II.

Sample stability was determined using sample S8. The S8 sample powder was stored at room temperature for 24 h. The RSD of the FT-IR absorbance value of the common peaks were ≤2.5%. The RSD of the wavenumber of the common peaks were ≤0.21%. The similarity of results indicated that the sample of the same species remained stable within 24 h. The results are shown in Table II.

The running results show that the FT-IR absorbance value and the wavenumber of the characteristic common peaks of the same species are stable. Therefore, the method exhibits good repeatability, is reliable and can be applied in the analysis of other moss samples.

The FT-IR spectra of the 14 samples (11 species) of mosses were recorded including seven 

 samples (control group) (Figure 1). Most of the peaks in the FT-IR spectra obtained from the 14 samples are shown in Figure 1. Most of the peaks represent major functional groups, which show the comprehensive information on the protein, carbohydrate, fibrin, and lipid components. The FT-IR spectra comparison could provide information on different samples. Hence, the region between 3500 to 3000 cm

 presents a broad band centered at approximately 3358 cm

, which corresponds to absorption because of the stretching of O–H and N–H bands (Figure 1). A sharp peak at 2920 and 2852 cm

 was attributed to the presence of polysaccharide, lipid, and carbohydrates (C–H stretch). The peak at 1620 cm

 was attributed to the absorbance of amide (C=O bend). A second amide vibration was shown at 1420 cm−1 (C–H stretch), followed by an amide peak at 1260 cm

 can be attributed to oligosaccharides, glycoprotein, and cellulose (C–O stretch). The peaks from 1200 to 650 cm

 can be attributed to the absorbance of low-molecular weight carbohydrates, polyols, and monosaccharides; this region is characterized as the fingerprint region (35).

FIGURE 1: ATR-FT-IR spectra obtained between 4000 to 650 cm

 for the 14 samples. The main peaks are labeled at the top of the spectra.

The FT-IR spectra from the different species of mosses exhibit similar absorbance. Specific differences are difficult to distinguish by experience. Therefore, we chose to utilize multivariate statistical methods to analyze the absorption bands. Cluster analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between species. We chose 12 absorption peaks within the range of 4000 to 650 cm

. The euclidean distance was used to construct the dendrogram according to the absorption peaks.

The dendrogram divides the 14 samples into two separated clusters (Figure 2): cluster 1 (C1) has 2 species from the 

 (the control group), cluster 2 (C2) has 12 samples from the families 

. C2 is split into two second subclusters. Subcluster 1 (SC1) is composed of 

. Subcluster 2 (SC2) has five species from the family 

). The result of the cluster analysis is inconsistent with the molecular results, which indicates that the species of genus 

. The phylogenetic relationship of family 

 are completely apart from the other species.

The results reflect the relative relationship between the 14 samples. Further study is needed to identify the internal relationships of the genera. PCA and one-dimensional DWT were adopted in our study.

In this study, we used PCA as the second multivariate analysis technique. The data from the absorption peaks within the range of 4000 to 650 cm

 in the FT-IR spectra were analyzed by PCA. Table III shows the variance that accounts for the first four PCs computed from the absorbance value of the characteristic peaks used in cluster analysis. The first three PCs summarized more variation in the data than any other PCs, accounting for more than 99.24% of the data variance. Figure 3 shows the PCA with overlaid clusters of the 14 samples based on the first three PCs. The overlaid clusters plot indicates that the species of families 

 can be grouped into three separate sets (Figures 3 and 4). The studied species of 

 form one well-supported group (blue triangle plots, Figure 3). The Plagionium species exhibit a short-distance relationship with 

 (green dots, Figure 3). The molecular evidence indicates that the species from genus 

 are closely related with the species from family 

 (6). By contrast, the CLA and PCA data suggest that the species of genus 

). According to the scatter plots, the two samples from 

 are quite different from other samples. The 3D plots of FT-IR spectra of the 14 samples (Figure 4) analyzed by SPSS19.0 and the PCA with overlaid clusters analyzed by R ver. 3.6.1 (<

>) are in accordance with the result of CLA (Figure 2). The PCA results can be used to identify different families simply and accurately.

FIGURE 2: The dendrogram represents the relationship between the 14 moss samples clustered by hierarchical cluster analysis on the basis of FT-IR data.

FIGURE 3: PCA with overlaid clusters of the 14 samples (11 species) of mosses.

FIGURE 4: 3D plot of FT-IR spectra of the 14 samples (11 species) of mosses based on PCA.

Species that belong to the same genus contain similar chemical components, such as protein, carbohydrate, and plant hormones (36). FT-IR spectra of the same genus exhibit close peak absorbance and wavenumber values. In particular, the FT-IR absorptions of the species from different geographical locations are quite difficult to distinguish. Therefore, in our study, DWT was used to extract the FT-IR spectra features for further identification. The 1800 to 650 cm

 region can provide higher characteristic molecular structural information on the spectra. The 1800 to 650 cm

 fingerprint region contains more molecular structural information and has been used for DWT analysis.

 was traditionally included in the family 

. However, the phylogenetic position of genus 

 has changed in recent years. The phylogenetic analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) makers showed that the genus 

 is more closely related to the genera of the family 

 (37). According to the CLA and PCA results, the species of genus 

 has a distant relationship with the species of 

 (Figures 2–4). We classified the ambiguous species of mosses based on their different chemical composition, which yields detailed information on different species. The PCA and CLA results can be considered as a piece of evidence on the phylogenetic status of genus 

. To further identify the species of different genera, DWT was used to clarify with the FT-IR spectra. 

. Scale 1–5 presents the detailed information after decomposition (Figure 5). The five scales were compared, and the DWT coefficients of 

 were found to have great difference from one another in scale 2–4. Different species of the close relatives can be identified by DWT.

FIGURE 5: Results of the multi-resolution decomposition for FT-IR spectra with DWT of 

The FT-IR spectra form different species of the same genus have very close absorbance values at the same wavenumber. The DWT was used to enhance the differences between the species of different genera to achieve satisfactory results. So we use this method to the study of species in the same genus (

). Figure 6 shows the DWT coefficients of complete stool of 

. We make 5-level wavelet decomposition to deal with the FT-IR spectra data. Scale 1-5 (Figure 6) shows detailed information after decomposition. The DWT coefficients can effectively affect the information features of spectra (35). After comparing the five scales, scales 2–4 are sensitive to the change of absorption frequency in the spectra. As the DWT coefficients of 

 have great difference, especially in scale 3 (Figure 6), different species of the same genus can be distinguished accurately.

FIGURE 6: Results of the multi-resolution decomposition for the FT-IR spectra with DWT of three species of genus 

- 2) were collected from different areas (Table I). The chemical components of the two samples of 

 did not have much difference. The FT-IR spectra of the two samples were difficult to differentiate.

One-dimensional DWT was applied to decompose the FT-IR spectral data of 

-2 into different frequency bands. The vibration signals were decomposed up to five levels using Daubechies 4 mother wavelet. The DWT coefficients effectively reflected the features of the spectra (Figure 7). Scale 1 contains a high noise component, which is unsuitable in analyzing differences between the same species. Determining the differences in Scale 4, 5 were also difficult. Scale 2, 3 presents the difference between the three samples (Figure 7). Therefore, the decomposition levels 2, 3 in the DWT domain were chosen as a variable characteristic extraction region because it showed intraspecific variation of 

. The results indicated that DWT can be used to extract the features of the FT-IR absorptions of different samples of the same species.

FIGURE 7: Results of the multi-resolution decomposition for FT-IR spectra with DWT of the two samples of 

In recent years, the phylogenetic relationship of families 

 has remained unclear. The traditional circumscriptions are based mainly on peristome characters, making classification of the taxa difficult. The results of the present study show that FT-IR spectroscopy in combination with PCA and cluster analyses can be used to differentiate the genera of 

. Recent studies based on molecular data indicate that genus 

 (38). In our study, we found that genus 

 based on the results of tests using chemical methods to determine the chemical composition. The PCA results show that the 

 species are not closely related to the species of 

. DWT are used to extract the features and enhance the differences between the species from different genera whose FT-IR spectra are similar. The species of 

 are successfully identified by FT-IR spectroscopy method combined with DWT. Results of the FT-IR spectroscopy combined with cluster analyses and PCA can also be used to identify different genera and families of mosses. FT-IR spectroscopy method combined with DWT is suitable for differentiating different species of mosses from controversial groups. The results show the possibility of using optical methods, such as FT-IR method, in differentiating the genera and species of mosses. FT-IR combined with chemometric methods for the identification of mosses is a rapid and efficient technique that could enable routine laboratories to facilitate identification of mosses.

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31660052, 42271045) and the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Provincial Department of Education (ZD2021035).

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In combination with attenuated total reflectance (ATR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy can be used to classify different moss species.

De Gao

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Efficient Discrimination of Some Moss Species by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics