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In this part of our ongoing review of the infrared spectra of carbonyl-containing functional groups, we will study the spectra of esters and carbonates. Esters are ubiquitous in our food and medicines, and polymeric carbonates form an important part of the materials around us. As always, concepts will be illustrated with reference spectra.

Spectroscopy is rapidly evolving, and professionals who build expertise in AI-driven analytics, automation, and high-demand sectors like pharma, biotech, and materials science will be best positioned to advance their careers despite industry-wide talent and budget challenges.

2025 was a turning point for vibrational spectroscopy © somchai20162516

In 2025, the vibrational-spectroscopy community saw a convergence of deep learning, advanced simulation, and portable instrumentation that materially changed how spectra are interpreted and applied. Breakthroughs in spectrum-to-structure models, machine learning (ML)-accelerated molecular dynamics, and field-deployable classic Raman, near-infrared (NIR), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensors pushed vibrational techniques from complex laboratory characterization toward automated structure elucidation, rapid analysis, and real-world sample sensing (1–6,9). This summary article highlights key 2025 contributions and their implications for the year of discovery.

A recent study provides a detailed introduction to uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) for analyzing LA-ICP-TOF-MS data. By converting high-dimensional MSI data into two-dimensional spaces, UMAP facilitates automated visualization to identify spectral clusters. Spectroscopy spoke to the paper’s lead author, Katharina Kronenberg of the University of Graz, about her group’s work.

Forest trees. Nature green wood backgrounds Sunny Day | Image Credit: © sosiukin - stock.adobe.com

The study reveals that leaf spectroscopy far outperforms traditional leaf traits in predicting forest leaf dark respiration across diverse ecosystems, offering a more accurate and scalable approach for improving carbon cycle models.

Spectrum displaying absorption peaks at specific frequencies © Bos Amico  -chronicles-stock.adobe.com

Vibrational spectroscopy is undergoing a major transformation driven by advances in new AI and machine learning, portable instrumentation, nanofabrication, hyperspectral imaging, and robust chemometrics. These developments are enabling more sensitive measurements, field-deployable analysis, multimodal data fusion, and automated spectral interpretation suitable for real-world industrial and clinical use. As these technologies converge, the field is positioned for a renaissance that may redefine how spectroscopy is practiced by 2030.

Researchers at the University of Lausanne investigated the potential of rapid and portable spectroscopic techniques such as Raman and NIR for illicit drug profiling, with the aim of enhancing the timeliness and operational utility of the generated intelligence for ongoing investigations as opposed to utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy.